abstract：:Inherited hemoglobin-related disorders, which include the structural variants (hemoglobin S, C, and E) and the alpha (α)- and beta (β)-thalassemias, affect more than 300,000 children annually, particularly in malaria-endemic regions stretching from sub-Saharan Africa and the Mediterranean to Southeast Asia. Screening ...

journal_title：Blood reviews

authors： Weatherall DJ

更新日期：2012-04-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Advances in therapy can essentially be measured using two parameters; introduction of a new agent which benefits an increased number of patients over prevailing treatments or more selective use of an existing drug by matching it to the biologic characteristics associated with response. In reviewing the therapeutic lan...

journal_title：Blood reviews

authors： Schecter J,Galili N,Raza A

更新日期：2012-03-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) is a disease of older patients and median age at diagnosis is 72 years. This older group is under-represented in clinical trials, (median age 58-62 years). Here we review background data on incidence, survival, definitions of older age, fitness criteria, frailty and co-morbidities. I...

journal_title：Blood reviews

authors： Tadmor T,Polliack A

更新日期：2012-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:The myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS) are characterized by cytopenias and acute myeloid leukemia risk. Most MDS patients eventually require transfusion of red blood cells for anemia, placing them at risk of iron overload (IOL). In beta-thalassemia major, transfusional IOL leads to organ dysfunction and death, however, w...

journal_title：Blood reviews

authors： Leitch HA

更新日期：2011-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Thrombopoietin (TPO) is the key cytokine involved in thrombopoiesis, and is the endogenous ligand for the thrombopoietin receptor that is expressed on the surface of platelets, megakaryocytes, and megakaryocytic precursors. First-generation thrombopoietic agents were recombinant forms of human TPO, and their developme...

journal_title：Blood reviews

authors： Stasi R,Bosworth J,Rhodes E,Shannon MS,Willis F,Gordon-Smith EC

更新日期：2010-07-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Invasive fungal infections are significant causes of morbidity and mortality in patients with hematological malignancies. Patients with acute myeloid leukemia and those who have undergone allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation are at especially high risk. Various fungal agents are responsible for this comp...

journal_title：Blood reviews

authors： Pagano L,Caira M,Valentini CG,Posteraro B,Fianchi L

更新日期：2010-03-01 00:00:00

abstract：:The transfusion approach to massive hemorrhage has continually evolved since it began in the early 1900s. It started with fresh whole blood and currently consists of virtually exclusive use of component and crystalloid therapy. Recent US military experience has reinvigorated the debate on what the most optimal transfu...

journal_title：Blood reviews

authors： Spinella PC,Holcomb JB

更新日期：2009-11-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Splenomegaly is a feature of a broad range of diseases, and presents to clinicians in many fields. This review examines the aetiology of splenomegaly in the developed world, and describes a logical approach to the patient with splenomegaly. In some patients, extensive radiological and laboratory investigations will fa...

journal_title：Blood reviews

authors： Pozo AL,Godfrey EM,Bowles KM

更新日期：2009-05-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Hemophagocytic syndromes (hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis, HLH) represent a severe hyperinflammatory condition with the cardinal symptoms prolonged fever, cytopenias, hepatosplenomegaly, and hemophagocytosis by activated, morphologically benign macrophages. Biochemical markers include elevated ferritin and triglyce...

journal_title：Blood reviews

authors： Janka GE

更新日期：2007-09-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Allogeneic stem cell transplantation (alloSCT) is the treatment of choice in the majority of young patients with advanced stages MDS if they have a suitable donor. Since outcome of transplantation is superior for patients with a low blast percentage, this supports the use of chemotherapy prior to transplantation in pa...

journal_title：Blood reviews

authors： de Witte T,Oosterveld M,Muus P

更新日期：2007-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Reactivation of fetal hemoglobin (HbF) expression is an important therapeutic option in patients with hemoglobin disorders. In sickle cell disease (SCD), an increase in HbF would interfere with the polymerization of sickle hemoglobin while in beta-thalassemia, an increase in gamma-globin chain synthesis would decrease...

journal_title：Blood reviews

authors： Fathallah H,Atweh GF

更新日期：2006-07-01 00:00:00

abstract：:We are often faced with the question as to the optimum duration of secondary prophylaxis with oral anticoagulants after an episode of venous thromboembolism. Theoretically if we know the recurrence rate, the case-fatality, the effectiveness of oral anticoagulant therapy, and the rate of fatal haemorrhage on treatment,...

journal_title：Blood reviews

authors： Keeling D

更新日期：2006-05-01 00:00:00

abstract：:The term epigenetics defines a heritable alteration in gene expression without an accompanying change in primary DNA sequence. Two major mechanisms that foster epigenetic changes are DNA methylation at cytosine bases within a CpG dinucleotide and post-translational histone modifications. Disruption of the balanced epi...

journal_title：Blood reviews

authors： Galm O,Herman JG,Baylin SB

更新日期：2006-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Although hematopoietic progenitor/stem cells (HPC) have been used for autologous transplants for approximately 25 years, it is only recently that we have begun to finally understand the factors which play important roles in causing these cells to leave their marrow niches and circulate in the blood. Still less is unde...

journal_title：Blood reviews

authors： Cottler-Fox M,Lapidot T

更新日期：2006-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS) are a set of oligoclonal disorders of hematopoietic stem cells characterized by ineffective hematopoiesis that manifest clinically as anemia, neutropenia, and/or thrombocytopenia of variable severity. The result often is transfusion-dependent anemia, an increased risk of infection or he...

journal_title：Blood reviews

authors： Catenacci DV,Schiller GJ

更新日期：2005-11-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Nearly 20 years after murine embryonic stem cells (mESC) were isolated, the first report of the derivation of human embryonic stem cells (hESC) in 1998 spawned the field of hESC research [Evans MJ, Kaufman MH, Establishment in culture of pluripotential cells from mouse embryos. Nature 1981; 292 (5819): 154-6; Thomson ...

journal_title：Blood reviews

authors： Lerou PH,Daley GQ

更新日期：2005-11-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Each cell in our body contains a set of tens of thousands of genes, out of which a set of several thousands determines the cell's characteristics. The deciphering of the sequence of the human genome combined with the technical feasibility to simultaneously measure the gene expression levels of thousands of genes had r...

journal_title：Blood reviews

authors： Margalit O,Somech R,Amariglio N,Rechavi G

更新日期：2005-07-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Methaemoglobinaemia arises from the production of non-functional haemoglobin containing oxidised Fe(3+) which results in reduced oxygen supply to the tissues and manifests as cyanosis in the patient. It can develop by three distinct mechanisms: genetic mutation resulting in the presence of abnormal haemoglobin, a defi...

journal_title：Blood reviews

authors： Percy MJ,McFerran NV,Lappin TR

更新日期：2005-03-01 00:00:00

abstract：:The anaemia of chronic disease (ACD) is a common haematologic syndrome characterized by hypoferraemia with adequate reticuloendothelial iron stores. Frequently, serum ferritin concentration in these patients is elevated. The pathogenesis of ACD involves abnormalities in red cell survival, the erythropoietic response t...

journal_title：Blood reviews

authors： Means RT Jr

更新日期：2004-12-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Platelet transfusions are widely used. Prophylactic transfusions are employed in severely thrombocytopenic patients without evidence of bleeding, but no randomized trial data prove the safety or efficacy of this approach. Randomized trials have demonstrated the equivalence of transfusion triggers of 10,000 and 20,000/...

journal_title：Blood reviews

authors： Heal JM,Blumberg N

更新日期：2004-09-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Cytogenetic analyses in acute myeloid leukemia (AML) and acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) have revealed a great number of non-random chromosome abnormalities. In many instances, molecular studies of these abnormalities identified specific genes implicated in the process of leukemogenesis. The more common chromosome ...

journal_title：Blood reviews

authors： Mrózek K,Heerema NA,Bloomfield CD

更新日期：2004-06-01 00:00:00

abstract：:The advent of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) and its co-administration with chemotherapy in patients with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-related lymphoma has lead to the exploration of potentially curative combination chemotherapy and myeloablative therapy followed by autologous haematopoietic stem c...

journal_title：Blood reviews

authors： Molina A,Zaia J,Krishnan A

更新日期：2003-12-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Hepatic veno-occlusive disease (VOD) is a major cause of morbidity and mortality following high dose cytotoxic therapy for stem cell transplantation (SCT). Pre-existing liver damage, SCT-related therapy, and genetic polymorphisms all appear to increase the risk of developing VOD. Studies of biological markers during S...

journal_title：Blood reviews

authors： Coppell JA,Brown SA,Perry DJ

更新日期：2003-06-01 00:00:00

abstract：:The inherited haemoglobinopathies are large group of disorders that include the thalassaemias and sickle cell disease. Carrier detection methods must be able to detect alpha-, beta- and deltabeta-thalassaemias, HPFH disorders and haemoglobin variants. Carrier diagnosis involves the accurate measurement of MCH, MCV, Hb...

journal_title：Blood reviews

authors： Old JM

更新日期：2003-03-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Childhood immune thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP) is acute and generally seasonal in nature, suggesting that infectious or environmental agents may trigger the immune response to produce platelet-reactive autoantibodies 4 to 8 weeks following an infection. In general, the patient is well apart from the diffuse bruising ...

journal_title：Blood reviews

authors： Nugent DJ

更新日期：2002-03-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Fetal/neonatal alloimmune thrombocytopenia results from a maternal alloimmunization against fetal platelet antigens. Care must be taken in making a correct diagnosis that eliminates other causes of thrombocytopenia that may occur during pregnancy. Biological diagnosis is normally made by platelet genotyping and search...

journal_title：Blood reviews

authors： Kaplan C

更新日期：2002-03-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Stem cell factor is an essential haemopoietic progenitor cell growth factor with proliferative and anti-apoptotic functions. Molecular biologists have now dissected some of the various pathways through which this cytokine signals to the nucleus. At the same time, new molecules have become available which can inhibit S...

journal_title：Blood reviews

authors： Smith MA,Court EL,Smith JG

更新日期：2001-12-01 00:00:00

abstract：:A working diagnosis of essential thrombocythemia (ET) is made in the presence of nonreactive thrombocytosis and after the exclusion of another chronic myeloid disorder that may mimic ET in its presentation. Clinically, ET is characterized by vasomotor symptoms, thrombohemorrhagic complications, recurrent fetal loss, a...

journal_title：Blood reviews

authors： Tefferi A,Murphy S

更新日期：2001-09-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Extracorporeal phototherapy (ECP) is a therapeutic approach based on the biological effect of psoralen 8-methoxypsoralen (8-MOP) and ultraviolet light A (UVA) on mononuclear cells collected by apheresis, and reinfused into the patient. Photopheresis is widely used for the treatment of patients with advanced cutaneous ...

journal_title：Blood reviews

authors： Oliven A,Shechter Y

更新日期：2001-06-01 00:00:00

abstract：:The finding that T cell immune responses could be divided into those promoting cell mediated immunity (Th1) and humoral responses (Th2) has had a profound effect on the understanding of immune response generation over the last 15 years. With ever increasing knowledge of the immune system, the model has come under crit...

journal_title：Blood reviews

authors： Lappin MB,Campbell JD

更新日期：2000-12-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Universal leucocyte depletion has been implemented in the UK and several other European countries as a precautionary measure against the potential risk of transmission of variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease by blood transfusion. Leucocyte depletion had previously only been recommended for a relatively small proportion o...

journal_title：Blood reviews

authors： Roddie PH,Turner ML,Williamson LM

更新日期：2000-09-01 00:00:00

abstract：:T cells are implicated in the effective control of chronic myeloid leukemia (CML). Recently, several clinical observations supported by laboratory data, indicate the presence of CML-specific T cells. Many proteins potentially act as leukemia-specific antigens for MHC-restricted cytotoxicity in CML. These include the b...

journal_title：Blood reviews

authors： Pinilla-Ibarz J,Cathcart K,Scheinberg DA

更新日期：2000-06-01 00:00:00

abstract：:When an RhD negative mother is exposed to the RhD positive red cells (usually as transplacental haemorrhage), she develops allo-anti-D which crosses the placenta and then results in the destruction of fetal red cells. Clinical manifestations of RhD haemolytic disease (HDN) range from asymptomatic mild anaemia to hydro...

journal_title：Blood reviews

authors： Urbaniak SJ,Greiss MA

更新日期：2000-03-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Gaucher disease was first described by Philippe Gaucher in his 1882 medical thesis. Gaucher's original concept was of an unusual epithelioma of the spleen. By the early 1900s, Mandelbaum recognized the systemic nature of the disease. Several children with Gaucher disease were described at the turn of the century, but ...

journal_title：Blood reviews

authors： Grabowski GA,Leslie N,Wenstrup R

更新日期：1998-06-01 00:00:00

abstract：:The anthracyclines are widely used in the treatment of haematological and non-haematological malignancy and there is now more than 30 years' clinical experience with these agents but despite this, their mechanism of action is incompletely understood. The anthracyclines have been shown to intercalate with DNA and indir...

journal_title：Blood reviews

authors： Richardson DS,Johnson SA

更新日期：1997-12-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Recurrent fetal loss and other placental vascular pathologies of pregnancy have long been associated with antiphospholipid syndrome-an acquired autoimmune thrombophilic state. The number of known heritable thrombophilic disorders has grown rapidly in recent years with the identification of activated protein C resistan...

journal_title：Blood reviews

authors： Brenner B,Blumenfeld Z

更新日期：1997-06-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Early reports would suggest that closely matched UD BMT is an adequate substitute for MSD BMT in children with relapsed ALL. Protagonists of BMT might suggest that UD BMT be used in the absence of a MSD in all cases of BM relapse of ALL. However, recent improvements in chemoradiotherapy schedules have reduced the bene...

journal_title：Blood reviews

authors： Veys P

更新日期：1996-12-01 00:00:00

abstract：:This review sets out to synthesize and critically evaluate the current reported data regarding therapeutic options for the neutropenia associated with Felty syndrome (Felty neutropenia). A MEDLINE search and bibliographies from recent reviews were used to identify trials and case reports that provided sufficient data ...

journal_title：Blood reviews

authors： Rashba EJ,Rowe JM,Packman CH

更新日期：1996-09-01 00:00:00

abstract：:A strong association was found to exist between patterns of lymphoid malignancies and socioeconomic status. B-cell lymphomas and T-acute lymphoblastic leukemia are much more prevalent in developing countries where the chances of acquiring infections especially at a younger age are high. B-cell precursor acute lymphati...

journal_title：Blood reviews

authors： Toren A,Ben-Bassat I,Rechavi G

更新日期：1996-06-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Transfusion-associated graft-versus-host disease is a rare but usually fatal complication of transfusion of cellular blood components, caused by multiorgan engraftment and proliferation of donor T lymphocytes. The classical features of skin rash, diarrhoea and hepatitis, along with striking bone-marrow failure, are se...

journal_title：Blood reviews

authors： Williamson LM,Warwick RM

更新日期：1995-12-01 00:00:00